Which term refers to the process where management is defined by specific outcomes or goals?

Management by Objective (MBO) is a strategic management model that focuses on defining specific outcomes or goals that an organization aims to achieve. In this approach, managers and employees collaboratively set clear objectives that are measurable and time-bound. This alignment encourages accountability and performance tracking, as both parties understand the expected outcomes.

MBO emphasizes the importance of setting goals as a way to enhance organizational performance. It allows for a focused effort towards achieving desired results and provides a framework for evaluating success based on whether those objectives have been met. This goal-oriented philosophy is instrumental in fostering motivation and engagement among employees, driving them to contribute effectively to the company's success.

In contrast, the other options refer to different management philosophies that do not specifically emphasize the establishment of measurable goals in the same way. For instance, Management by System may focus more on the processes or systems in place rather than the specific outcomes. Management by Criteria might suggest an emphasis on standards or benchmarks without the collaborative goal-setting aspect of MBO. Management by Method relates to the techniques used in management processes but lacks the goal-focused orientation characteristic of MBO.